BioAcyl Corp

Diagram of a (dynamic) endothelial surface layer. (from bottom) The light-yellow region represents the interior of cells or of venous tissue. The thin yellow region is the lipid-protein bilayer cell boundary with the lipid component about 3 nm thick. The light red region is the glycocalyx typically 50 nm thick. Its principal components are the two sulphated polymers and about 10% of another hyaluronic acid polymer - adapted from [1] The arrows represent CO₂ gas passing through the frit formed by the GC polymeric matrix to form a close-packed nanobubble foam (ESL region). The volume of non-gaseous bi-continuous connected liquid/polymer strand region can be as low as a few percent. The foam resists compression and repels red cells. As blood plasma flows past, nanobubbles slough off and join the circulation system and leave by exhalation from the lungs. The CO₂ nanobubbles are lethal to viruses like COVID-19 [1,2,15] and [15] Oxygen/nitrogen circulating nanobubbles also pass through the glycocalyx and nitric oxide is formed therein via hydrophobic cavitation. 

The ESL is formed of sparce helices of heparan and chondroitin sulphate that enclose the hydrocarbon sialic acid backbones of the polymers along with hyaluronic acid which is not sulphated. A large part of the ESL material is made up of CO₂ nanobubbles [1]. These are formed normally from passage of molecular CO₂ produced by metabolism in the cell interior through the molecular frit that is the glycocalyx.