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Wang, J., Zhu, N., & Su, X. (2023). Gut-microbiota-derived metabolites maintain gut and systemic immune homeostasis. Cells, 12(5), 793. Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (18/11/2023, 10:45) Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (18/11/2023, 10:51) |
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| Resource type: Journal Article DOI: 10.3390/cells12050793 ID no. (ISBN etc.): 2073-4409 BibTeX citation key: Wang2023 View all bibliographic details  |
Categories: BioAcyl Corp Subcategories: Microbiota on immunity Creators: Su, Wang, Zhu Collection: Cells |
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| Abstract |
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he gut microbiota, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and phages, inhabits the gastrointestinal tract. This commensal microbiota can contribute to the regulation of host immune response and homeostasis. Alterations of the gut microbiota have been found in many immune-related diseases. The metabolites generated by specific microorganisms in the gut microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan (Trp) and bile acid (BA) metabolites, not only affect genetic and epigenetic regulation but also impact metabolism in the immune cells, including immunosuppressive and inflammatory cells. The immunosuppressive cells (such as tolerogenic macrophages (tMacs), tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs), myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Breg) and innate lymphocytes (ILCs)) and inflammatory cells (such as inflammatory Macs (iMacs), DCs, CD4 T helper (Th)1, CD4Th2, Th17, natural killer (NK) T cells, NK cells and neutrophils) can express different receptors for SCFAs, Trp and BA metabolites from different microorganisms. Activation of these receptors not only promotes the differentiation and function of immunosuppressive cells but also inhibits inflammatory cells, causing the reprogramming of the local and systemic immune system to maintain the homeostasis of the individuals. We here will summarize the recent advances in understanding the metabolism of SCFAs, Trp and BA in the gut microbiota and the effects of SCFAs, Trp and BA metabolites on gut and systemic immune homeostasis, especially on the differentiation and functions of the immune cells.
The gut microbiota maintains the homeostasis of the gut and systemic immune system through the metabolites. Metabolites from the gut microbiota such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan metabolites (Trps), and bile acid metabolites (BAs) promote the differentiation and function of immune-suppressive cells and inhibit the inflammatory cells. DC, dendritic cell; iMac, inflammatory macrophage; Th1, T helper 1; Th2, T helper 2; Th17, T helper 17; NK, natural killer cell; NKT, natural killer T cell; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; tMac, tolerogenic macrophage; tDC, tolerogenic dendritic cell; Treg, regulatory T cells; Tr1, type 1 regulatory T cells; Breg, regulatory B cell; ILC3, innate lymphoid cell 3; CD8αα, CD4+CD8αα+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte. 2. Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli |
